@import url('https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Karla:ital,wght@0,200..800;1,200..800&display=swap');
@import url('https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Fira+Code:wght@300..700&display=swap');
@import url('https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=JetBrains+Mono:ital,wght@0,100..800;1,100..800&display=swap');

body {
  font-family: 'Karla', 'Helvetica', Arial, sans-serif;
  margin: 20px;
  background-color: #fff;
  color: #111;
  transition: background-color 0.5s ease, color 0.5s ease;
  position: relative;
  overflow-x: hidden;
}

/* Custom Scrollbar Styling */
::-webkit-scrollbar {
  width: 12px;
}

::-webkit-scrollbar-track {
  background: #f1f1f1;
  border-radius: 6px;
}

::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb {
  background: linear-gradient(45deg, #bfdbfe 0%, #ffffff 50%, #fef3c7 100%);
  border-radius: 6px;
  border: 1px solid #e0e0e0;
}

::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb:hover {
  background: linear-gradient(45deg, #93c5fd 0%, #f8fafc 50%, #fde68a 100%);
}

/* Firefox scrollbar */
* {
  scrollbar-width: thin;
  scrollbar-color: #bfdbfe #f1f1f1;
}

/* Subtle Academic Background Animation */
body::before {
  content: '';
  position: fixed;
  top: 0;
  left: 0;
  width: 100%;
  height: 100%;
  background: 
    radial-gradient(circle at 20% 50%, rgba(219, 234, 254, 0.5) 0%, transparent 60%),
    radial-gradient(circle at 80% 20%, rgba(239, 246, 255, 0.4) 0%, transparent 60%),
    radial-gradient(circle at 40% 80%, rgba(245, 250, 255, 0.35) 0%, transparent 60%),
    linear-gradient(45deg, rgba(225, 239, 254, 0.2) 0%, rgba(241, 245, 249, 0.1) 100%);
  background-size: 800px 800px, 600px 600px, 1000px 1000px, 100% 100%;
  animation: academicFlow 300s ease-in-out infinite;
  pointer-events: none;
  z-index: -1;
  opacity: 0.7;
}

/* Geometric Grid Overlay */
body::after {
  content: '';
  position: fixed;
  top: 0;
  left: 0;
  width: 100%;
  height: 100%;
  background-image: 
    linear-gradient(rgba(203, 213, 225, 0.12) 1px, transparent 1px),
    linear-gradient(90deg, rgba(203, 213, 225, 0.12) 1px, transparent 1px);
  background-size: 50px 50px;
  animation: gridShift 400s linear infinite;
  pointer-events: none;
  z-index: -1;
  opacity: 0.4;
}

@keyframes academicFlow {
  0%, 100% {
    background-position: 0% 0%, 100% 0%, 50% 100%, 0% 0%;
    transform: rotate(0deg) scale(1);
  }
  25% {
    background-position: 100% 50%, 0% 50%, 0% 0%, 0% 0%;
    transform: rotate(0.5deg) scale(1.01);
  }
  50% {
    background-position: 50% 100%, 50% 100%, 100% 50%, 0% 0%;
    transform: rotate(0deg) scale(1);
  }
  75% {
    background-position: 0% 50%, 100% 0%, 50% 0%, 0% 0%;
    transform: rotate(-0.5deg) scale(1.01);
  }
}

@keyframes gridShift {
  0% {
    transform: translate(0, 0);
  }
  100% {
    transform: translate(50px, 50px);
  }
}

h1.title {
  font-weight: bold;
  font-size: 3rem;
  text-align: center;
  margin-bottom: 0.5rem;
}

.meta-row {
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  justify-content: space-between;
  margin-bottom: 1.5rem;
  font-size: 0.95rem;
}

.subtitle {
  flex: 1 1 45%;
  font-style: italic;
  align-self: center;
}

.author-date {
  flex: 1 1 45%;
  text-align: right;
}

.author-date div {
  margin: 0.2rem 0;
}

.content {
  line-height: 1.6;
  font-size: 1.1rem;
  max-width: 900px;
  margin: 0 auto;
}

/* Reading time text below title */
.reading-time {
  font-size: 0.9rem;
  color: gray;
  text-align: left;
  margin: 0 0 1rem 0;
  font-style: italic;
}

/* Responsive image style */
.blog-image {
  display: block;
  max-width: 100%;
  height: auto;
  margin: 1.5rem auto;
  border-radius: 8px;
  transition: opacity 0.3s ease;
}

/* Lazy loading styles */
.blog-image.lazy-loading {
  opacity: 0.3;
  background: linear-gradient(90deg, #f0f0f0 25%, #e0e0e0 50%, #f0f0f0 75%);
  background-size: 200% 100%;
  animation: shimmer 1.5s infinite;
  min-height: 200px;
}

.blog-image.lazy-loaded {
  opacity: 1;
}

/* Dark mode lazy loading */
body.dark-mode .blog-image.lazy-loading {
  background: linear-gradient(90deg, #2a2a2a 25%, #3a3a3a 50%, #2a2a2a 75%);
  background-size: 200% 100%;
}

@keyframes shimmer {
  0% {
    background-position: -200% 0;
  }
  100% {
    background-position: 200% 0;
  }
}

.blog-figure figcaption {
  font-size: 0.95rem;
  color: gray;
  margin-top: 0.4rem;
  font-style: italic;
  text-align: center;
  transition: color 0.5s ease;
}

/* Creative Dark/Light Mode Toggle Switch */
.mode-toggle-container {
  position: fixed;
  top: 8px;
  right: 20px;
  z-index: 1000;
  padding: 5px;
}

.toggle-switch {
  position: relative;
  display: inline-block;
  width: 60px;
  height: 30px;
}

.toggle-switch:hover .slider {
  transform: scale(1.02);
  box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
}

.toggle-switch input {
  opacity: 0;
  width: 0;
  height: 0;
}

.slider {
  position: absolute;
  cursor: pointer;
  top: 0;
  left: 0;
  right: 0;
  bottom: 0;
  background: linear-gradient(135deg, #f0f9ff 0%, #e0f2fe 100%);
  transition: all 0.4s cubic-bezier(0.23, 1, 0.320, 1);
  border-radius: 20px;
  overflow: hidden;
  border: 2px solid #000;
  box-shadow: 0 4px 15px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
}

/* Animated background clouds/stars */
.slider::before {
  content: '';
  position: absolute;
  top: 50%;
  left: 8px;
  width: 14px;
  height: 14px;
  background: radial-gradient(circle, #FFF 30%, transparent 30%),
              radial-gradient(circle, #FFF 20%, transparent 20%),
              radial-gradient(circle, #FFF 15%, transparent 15%);
  background-size: 8px 8px, 6px 6px, 4px 4px;
  background-position: 0 0, 5px 3px, 10px 1px;
  border-radius: 50%;
  transform: translateY(-50%);
  transition: all 0.4s ease;
  opacity: 0.6;
}

/* Sun/Moon toggle knob */
.slider::after {
  content: '☀️';
  position: absolute;
  height: 22px;
  width: 22px;
  left: 2px;
  top: 2px;
  background: linear-gradient(135deg, #FFD700 0%, #FFA500 100%);
  transition: all 0.4s cubic-bezier(0.23, 1, 0.320, 1);
  border-radius: 50%;
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  font-size: 12px;
  box-shadow: 0 2px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);
  transform: rotate(0deg);
}

/* Dark mode styles */
input:checked + .slider {
  background: linear-gradient(135deg, #1a1a2e 0%, #16213e 100%);
  border: 2px solid #fff;
}

input:checked + .slider::before {
  background: radial-gradient(circle, #FFF 2px, transparent 2px),
              radial-gradient(circle, #FFF 1px, transparent 1px),
              radial-gradient(circle, #FFF 1px, transparent 1px);
  background-size: 12px 12px, 8px 8px, 6px 6px;
  background-position: 2px 2px, 8px 6px, 12px 1px, 4px 8px;
  opacity: 0.8;
  left: 38px;
}

input:checked + .slider::after {
  content: '🌙';
  background: linear-gradient(135deg, #C0C0C0 0%, #808080 100%);
  transform: translateX(28px) rotate(360deg);
  box-shadow: 0 0 10px rgba(192, 192, 192, 0.3);
}

/* Smooth hover effects */
.toggle-switch:hover .slider::after {
  box-shadow: 0 2px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);
}

input:checked + .slider:hover::after {
  box-shadow: 0 0 10px rgba(192, 192, 192, 0.3);
}

/* Blog post utilities */
.blog-container {
  max-width: 900px;
  margin: 0 auto;
  padding: 20px;
}

/* Articles page specific styling */
body[data-page="articles"] .blog-container {
  padding: 10px 20px;
}

body[data-page="articles"] .blog-header {
  margin-bottom: 1rem;
}

body[data-page="articles"] .blog-title {
  font-size: 2.5rem;
  margin-bottom: 0.3rem;
}

body[data-page="articles"] .blog-subtitle {
  margin-bottom: 0.5rem;
  font-size: 1rem;
}

body[data-page="articles"] .blog-meta {
  margin-bottom: 1rem;
}

/* Simplified blog post structure */
.blog-header {
  text-align: left;
  margin-bottom: 2rem;
}

.blog-title {
  font-weight: bold;
  font-size: 3rem;
  margin-bottom: 0.5rem;
  line-height: 1.2;
}

.blog-subtitle {
  font-style: italic;
  font-size: 1.1rem;
  color: #666;
  margin-bottom: 1rem;
  line-height: 1.8;
  transition: color 0.5s ease;
}

.blog-meta {
  font-size: 0.9rem;
  color: #888;
  margin-bottom: 2rem;
  transition: color 0.5s ease;
  display: flex;
  justify-content: space-between;
  align-items: center;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
}

.blog-meta .reading-time {
  flex: 1;
}

.blog-meta .author-info {
  text-align: right;
  margin-left: 1rem;
}

.blog-meta .author-info > div {
  margin-bottom: 0.2rem;
}

.blog-meta .author-info > div:last-child {
  margin-bottom: 0;
}

.blog-content {
  line-height: 1.7;
  font-size: 1.1rem;
  text-align: justify;
}

.blog-content h2,
.blog-content h3,
.blog-content h4 {
  margin-top: 2rem;
  margin-bottom: 1rem;
  color: #333;
  transition: color 0.5s ease;
}

.blog-content p {
  margin-bottom: 1.2rem;
}

.blog-content ul,
.blog-content ol {
  margin-bottom: 1.2rem;
  padding-left: 2rem;
}

.blog-content li {
  margin-bottom: 0.5rem;
}

/* Code Styling */
code {
  background-color: #f4f4f4;
  color: #333;
  padding: 2px 6px;
  border-radius: 4px;
  font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', 'Fira Code', monospace;
  font-size: 0.9em;
  border: 1px solid #e0e0e0;
}

pre {
  background-color: #ffffff;
  border: 1px solid #e0e0e0;
  border-radius: 8px;
  padding: 0;
  overflow-x: auto;
  margin: 1.5rem 0;
  line-height: 1.4;
  position: relative;
}

pre code {
  background: none;
  border: none;
  padding: 16px 16px 16px 60px;
  font-size: 0.9rem;
  color: inherit;
  border-radius: 0;
  display: block;
  white-space: pre;
  overflow-x: auto;
}

/* Line numbers */
.code-with-lines {
  counter-reset: line;
  position: relative;
}

.code-with-lines .code-line {
  display: inline;
  counter-increment: line;
  position: relative;
  padding-left: 0;
}

.code-with-lines .code-line:first-child::before {
  content: counter(line);
  position: absolute;
  left: -50px;
  width: 40px;
  text-align: right;
  color: #999;
  font-size: 0.8rem;
  user-select: none;
  padding-right: 8px;
  font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', 'Fira Code', monospace;
}

/* Line numbers */
.line-numbers {
  position: absolute;
  left: 0;
  top: 16px;
  width: 40px;
  text-align: right;
  padding-right: 12px;
  color: #999;
  font-size: 0.9rem;
  line-height: 1.4;
  user-select: none;
  pointer-events: none;
  font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', 'Fira Code', monospace;
}

.line-numbers div {
  line-height: 1.4;
  font-size: 0.9rem;
}

/* Code block with language label and copy button */
.code-block {
  position: relative;
  margin: 1.5rem 0;
}

.code-header {
  background: #f5f5f5;
  border: 1px solid #e0e0e0;
  border-bottom: none;
  border-radius: 8px 8px 0 0;
  padding: 8px 16px;
  display: flex;
  justify-content: space-between;
  align-items: center;
  font-size: 0.75rem;
}

.language-label {
  text-transform: uppercase;
  font-weight: bold;
  color: #666;
}

.copy-button {
  background: #007acc;
  color: white;
  border: none;
  padding: 6px 12px;
  border-radius: 4px;
  cursor: pointer;
  font-size: 0.75rem;
  font-weight: bold;
  transition: background-color 0.2s;
}

.copy-button:hover {
  background: #005a9e;
}

.copy-button.copied {
  background: #28a745;
}

.code-block pre {
  margin: 0;
  border-radius: 0 0 8px 8px;
  border-top: none;
}

/* Syntax Highlighting */
.keyword { color: #0000ff; font-weight: bold; }
.string { color: #008000; }
.comment { color: #808080; font-style: italic; }
.number { color: #ff6600; }
.operator { color: #333333; font-weight: bold; }
.function { color: #795e26; font-weight: bold; }
.type { color: #0070c1; font-weight: bold; }
.constant { color: #0070c1; }
.variable { color: #001080; }
.preprocessor { color: #9a5500; }
.builtin { color: #795e26; }

/* Language-specific colors */
.lang-c .keyword,
.lang-cpp .keyword { color: #0000ff; }
.lang-c .type,
.lang-cpp .type { color: #0070c1; }
.lang-c .preprocessor,
.lang-cpp .preprocessor { color: #9a5500; }

.lang-python .keyword { color: #ff7700; }
.lang-python .string { color: #008000; }
.lang-python .function { color: #0000ff; }
.lang-python .builtin { color: #8b4513; }

.lang-javascript .keyword { color: #af00db; }
.lang-javascript .string { color: #0000ff; }
.lang-javascript .function { color: #795e26; }
.lang-javascript .variable { color: #001080; }

.lang-bash .keyword { color: #0000ff; }
.lang-bash .string { color: #008000; }
.lang-bash .variable { color: #ff6600; }
.lang-bash .operator { color: #333333; }

.lang-verilog .keyword,
.lang-systemverilog .keyword { color: #0000ff; }
.lang-verilog .type,
.lang-systemverilog .type { color: #0070c1; }
.lang-verilog .number,
.lang-systemverilog .number { color: #ff6600; }

.lang-vhdl .keyword { color: #0000ff; }
.lang-vhdl .type { color: #0070c1; }
.lang-vhdl .string { color: #008000; }

.lang-skill .keyword { color: #0000ff; }
.lang-skill .function { color: #795e26; }
.lang-skill .string { color: #008000; }

.lang-matlab .keyword { color: #0000ff; }
.lang-matlab .function { color: #795e26; }
.lang-matlab .string { color: #a31515; }
.lang-matlab .comment { color: #008000; }

/* Citation styling */
.citation {
  color: #0074D9;
  user-select: none;
  vertical-align: baseline;
  font-size: inherit;
  cursor: pointer;
  transition: color 0.5s ease;
}

/* Link styling to match citations */
a {
  color: #0074D9;
  text-decoration: none;
  cursor: pointer;
  transition: color 0.5s ease;
}

a:hover {
  color: #0056b3;
  text-decoration: underline;
}

/* Optional: style reference section header */
#references-section {
  font-size: 1rem;
}
#references-section h3 {
  font-weight: bold;
  /* border-bottom: 2px solid #ccc; */
  padding-bottom: 0.3rem;
  margin-bottom: 1rem;
}

#references-list li::marker {
  content: '[' counter(list-item) '] ';
}

/* Highlight effect for clicked references */
.highlight-reference {
  background-color: #FFF8DC;
  padding: 2px 4px;
  border-radius: 3px;
  transition: background-color 0.3s ease;
  box-shadow: 0 0 5px rgba(255, 248, 220, 0.3);
}

/* Dark mode styles */
body.dark-mode {
  background-color: #121212;
  color: #eee;
}

/* Dark mode scrollbar */
body.dark-mode ::-webkit-scrollbar-track {
  background: #2a2a2a;
}

body.dark-mode ::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb {
  background: linear-gradient(45deg, #374151 0%, #4b5563 50%, #6b7280 100%);
  border: 1px solid #4b5563;
}

body.dark-mode ::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb:hover {
  background: linear-gradient(45deg, #4b5563 0%, #6b7280 50%, #9ca3af 100%);
}

body.dark-mode * {
  scrollbar-color: #4b5563 #2a2a2a;
}

/* Dark Mode Background Animation */
body.dark-mode::before {
  background: 
    radial-gradient(circle at 20% 50%, rgba(30, 41, 59, 0.45) 0%, transparent 60%),
    radial-gradient(circle at 80% 20%, rgba(51, 65, 85, 0.35) 0%, transparent 60%),
    radial-gradient(circle at 40% 80%, rgba(71, 85, 105, 0.3) 0%, transparent 60%),
    linear-gradient(45deg, rgba(15, 23, 42, 0.2) 0%, rgba(30, 41, 59, 0.12) 100%);
  opacity: 0.7;
}

body.dark-mode::after {
  background-image: 
    linear-gradient(rgba(71, 85, 105, 0.15) 1px, transparent 1px),
    linear-gradient(90deg, rgba(71, 85, 105, 0.15) 1px, transparent 1px);
  opacity: 0.5;
}

body.dark-mode .blog-subtitle {
  color: #bbb;
  line-height: 1.8;
}

body.dark-mode .blog-meta {
  color: #999;
}

body.dark-mode .blog-content h2,
body.dark-mode .blog-content h3,
body.dark-mode .blog-content h4 {
  color: #eee;
}

body.dark-mode .blog-figure figcaption {
  color: #bbb;
}

body.dark-mode .citation {
  color: #66B3FF;
}

body.dark-mode a {
  color: #66B3FF;
}

body.dark-mode a:hover {
  color: #93c5fd;
}

body.dark-mode .highlight-reference {
  background-color: #333333;
  box-shadow: 0 0 3px rgba(51, 51, 51, 0.5);
}

/* Go to Top Button */
.go-to-top {
  position: fixed;
  bottom: 90px;
  right: 30px;
  width: 50px;
  height: 50px;
  background: linear-gradient(135deg, #6B8CAE 0%, #4A6B8A 100%);
  color: white;
  border: none;
  border-radius: 50%;
  cursor: pointer;
  font-size: 18px;
  font-weight: bold;
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  box-shadow: 0 4px 15px rgba(107, 140, 174, 0.3);
  transition: all 0.3s ease;
  z-index: 999;
  opacity: 0;
  visibility: hidden;
  transform: translateY(20px);
}

/* Rotated Ket Arrow */
.go-to-top::before {
  content: '⟩';
  color: white;
  transform: rotate(-90deg);
  font-family: 'Karla', 'Helvetica', Arial, sans-serif;
}

.go-to-top.show {
  opacity: 1;
  visibility: visible;
  transform: translateY(0);
}

.go-to-top:hover {
  transform: translateY(-3px);
  box-shadow: 0 6px 20px rgba(107, 140, 174, 0.4);
  background: linear-gradient(135deg, #4A6B8A 0%, #3A5B7A 100%);
}

.go-to-top:active {
  transform: translateY(-1px);
}

/* Dark mode styles for go to top button */
body.dark-mode .go-to-top {
  background: linear-gradient(135deg, #8BB3D9 0%, #6B93C0 100%);
  box-shadow: 0 4px 15px rgba(139, 179, 217, 0.3);
}

body.dark-mode .go-to-top:hover {
  background: linear-gradient(135deg, #6B93C0 0%, #5A82AF 100%);
  box-shadow: 0 6px 20px rgba(139, 179, 217, 0.4);
}

/* Home Button */
.home-button {
  position: fixed;
  bottom: 30px;
  right: 30px;
  width: 50px;
  height: 50px;
  background: linear-gradient(135deg, #6B8CAE 0%, #4A6B8A 100%);
  color: white;
  border: none;
  border-radius: 50%;
  cursor: pointer;
  font-size: 18px;
  font-weight: bold;
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  box-shadow: 0 4px 15px rgba(107, 140, 174, 0.3);
  transition: all 0.3s ease;
  z-index: 999;
  text-decoration: none;
}

/* Home icon */
.home-button::before {
  content: '🏠';
  color: white;
  font-family: 'Karla', 'Helvetica', Arial, sans-serif;
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  width: 100%;
  height: 100%;
}

.:hover {
  transform: translateY(-3px);
  box-shadow: 0 6px 20px rgba(107, 140, 174, 0.4);
  background: linear-gradient(135deg, #4A6B8A 0%, #3A5B7A 100%);
}

.:active {
  transform: translateY(-1px);
}

/* Dark mode styles for home button */
body.dark-mode . {
  background: linear-gradient(135deg, #8BB3D9 0%, #6B93C0 100%);
  box-shadow: 0 4px 15px rgba(139, 179, 217, 0.3);
}

body.dark-mode .:hover {
  background: linear-gradient(135deg, #6B93C0 0%, #5A82AF 100%);
  box-shadow: 0 6px 20px rgba(139, 179, 217, 0.4);
}

/* Scroll Progress Bar - moved to top of sticky header */
.scroll-progress {
  position: fixed;
  top: 0;
  left: 0;
  width: 100%;
  height: 4px;
  background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
  z-index: 1100;
}

.scroll-progress-bar {
  height: 100%;
  background: linear-gradient(90deg, #60a5fa 0%, #f8fafc 50%, #fbbf24 100%);
  width: 0%;
  transition: width 0.1s ease-out;
}

/* Dark mode scroll progress */
body.dark-mode .scroll-progress {
  background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.1);
}

body.dark-mode .scroll-progress-bar {
  background: linear-gradient(90deg, #60a5fa 0%, #f8fafc 50%, #fbbf24 100%);
  box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.1);
}

/* Articles List Styling */
.articles-list {
  margin: 1rem 0;
}

.article-item {
  display: flex;
  justify-content: space-between;
  align-items: center;
  padding: 1rem 0;
  border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e7eb;
  gap: 2rem;
}

.article-item:last-child {
  border-bottom: none;
}

.article-date {
  flex-shrink: 0;
  font-size: 0.9rem;
  color: #666;
  font-weight: 500;
  min-width: 120px;
}

.article-title {
  flex-grow: 1;
  text-align: right;
}

.article-title a {
  color: #0074D9;
  text-decoration: none;
  font-size: 1.1rem;
  font-weight: 500;
  line-height: 1.4;
  transition: color 0.2s ease;
  cursor: pointer;
}

.article-title a:hover {
  color: #0056b3;
  text-decoration: underline;
}

/* Dark mode articles list */
body.dark-mode .article-item {
  border-bottom-color: #374151;
}

body.dark-mode .article-date {
  color: #9ca3af;
}

body.dark-mode .article-title a {
  color: #66B3FF;
}

body.dark-mode .article-title a:hover {
  color: #93c5fd;
}

/* Responsive articles list */
@media (max-width: 600px) {
  .article-item {
    flex-direction: column;
    align-items: flex-start;
    gap: 0.5rem;
  }
  
  .article-date {
    min-width: auto;
    font-size: 0.8rem;
  }
  
  .article-title {
    text-align: left;
  }
  
  .article-title a {
    font-size: 1rem;
  }
}

/* Dark mode code styling */
body.dark-mode code {
  background-color: #2d2d2d;
  color: #f8f8f2;
  border: 1px solid #404040;
}

body.dark-mode pre {
  background-color: #1e1e1e;
  border: 1px solid #404040;
}

body.dark-mode .code-header {
  background: #2d2d2d;
  border: 1px solid #404040;
  border-bottom: none;
}

body.dark-mode .language-label {
  color: #ccc;
}

body.dark-mode .line-numbers {
  color: #666;
}

/* Footer */
.footer {
  text-align: center;
  margin-top: 3rem;
  padding: 0.75rem 0 0 0;
  color: #666;
  font-size: 0.85rem;
  border-top: 1px solid #e5e7eb;
  transition: color 0.5s ease, border-color 0.5s ease;
}

.fixed-footer {
  position: fixed;
  bottom: 0;
  left: 50%;                     /* start from center */
  transform: translateX(-50%);   /* shift left by half width to center exactly */
  max-width: 900px;              /* same as .content */
  width: 100%;                  /* allow it to shrink on smaller screens */
  background: linear-gradient(to top, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.95) 0%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.8) 70%, transparent 100%);
  backdrop-filter: blur(10px);
  display: flex;
  justify-content: space-between;
  align-items: center;
  padding: 6px 20px;
  font-size: 0.9rem;
  user-select: none;
  box-sizing: border-box;
  z-index: 9999;
}

body.dark-mode .fixed-footer {
  background: linear-gradient(to top, rgba(18, 18, 18, 0.95) 0%, rgba(18, 18, 18, 0.8) 70%, transparent 100%);
  backdrop-filter: blur(10px);
}

.footer p {
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0;
}

/* Reduced footer for articles page */
body[data-page="articles"] .footer {
  margin-top: 1.5rem;
  padding: 0.5rem 0 0 0;
}

/* Sticky footer for articles page */
body {
  min-height: 96.6vh;
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
}

.blog-container {
  flex: 1;
}

body.dark-mode .footer {
  color: #999;
  border-top: 1px solid #374151;
}

/* Sticky Header */
.sticky-header {
  position: fixed;
  top: 0;
  left: 0;
  right: 0;
  background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.95);
  backdrop-filter: blur(10px);
  border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(226, 232, 240, 0.8);
  padding: 12px 20px;
  z-index: 998;
  transform: translateY(-100%);
  transition: transform 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease, background 0.5s ease, border-color 0.5s ease;
  opacity: 0;
  box-shadow: 0 2px 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
}

.sticky-header.visible {
  transform: translateY(0);
  opacity: 1;
}

.sticky-header-content {
  max-width: 900px;
  margin: 0 auto;
  display: flex;
  justify-content: space-between;
  align-items: center;
}

.sticky-header-title {
  font-size: 1.1rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  color: #111;
  margin: 0;
  truncate: true;
  overflow: hidden;
  text-overflow: ellipsis;
  white-space: nowrap;
  max-width: calc(100% - 100px);
  transition: color 0.5s ease;
}

.toc-dropdown {
  position: relative;
  display: inline-block;
}

.toc-button {
  background: none;
  border: 1px solid #d1d5db;
  border-radius: 6px;
  padding: 6px 12px;
  font-size: 0.85rem;
  color: #666;
  cursor: pointer;
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 6px;
  transition: all 0.2s ease;
  font-family: inherit;
}

.toc-button:hover {
  background: rgba(243, 244, 246, 0.8);
  border-color: #9ca3af;
}

.toc-dropdown-arrow {
  font-size: 0.7rem;
  transition: transform 0.2s ease;
}

.toc-dropdown.open .toc-dropdown-arrow {
  transform: rotate(180deg);
}

.toc-menu {
  position: absolute;
  top: 100%;
  right: 0;
  background: white;
  border: 1px solid #d1d5db;
  border-radius: 8px;
  box-shadow: 0 10px 25px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);
  min-width: 200px;
  max-width: 300px;
  opacity: 0;
  visibility: hidden;
  transform: translateY(-10px);
  transition: all 0.2s ease;
  z-index: 1000;
  backdrop-filter: blur(10px);
  margin-top: 4px;
}

.toc-menu.open {
  opacity: 1;
  visibility: visible;
  transform: translateY(0);
}

.toc-menu-item {
  display: block;
  padding: 8px 16px;
  text-decoration: none;
  color: #374151;
  font-size: 0.85rem;
  border-bottom: 1px solid #f3f4f6;
  transition: background-color 0.2s ease;
  cursor: pointer;
}

.toc-menu-item:hover {
  background: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.1);
  color: #1d4ed8;
}

.toc-menu-item:last-child {
  border-bottom: none;
  border-radius: 0 0 8px 8px;
}

/* Dark mode sticky header */
body.dark-mode .sticky-header {
  background: rgba(18, 18, 18, 0.95);
  border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(71, 85, 105, 0.8);
  box-shadow: 0 2px 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3);
}

body.dark-mode .sticky-header-title {
  color: #eee;
}

/* Dark mode Table of Contents */
body.dark-mode .toc-button {
  border-color: #4b5563;
  color: #9ca3af;
}

body.dark-mode .toc-button:hover {
  background: rgba(55, 65, 81, 0.8);
  border-color: #6b7280;
}

body.dark-mode .toc-menu {
  background: #1f2937;
  border-color: #4b5563;
}

body.dark-mode .toc-menu-item {
  color: #d1d5db;
  border-bottom-color: #374151;
}

body.dark-mode .toc-menu-item:hover {
  background: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.2);
  color: #60a5fa;
}

/* Dark mode syntax highlighting */
body.dark-mode .keyword { color: #569cd6; }
body.dark-mode .string { color: #ce9178; }
body.dark-mode .comment { color: #6a9955; }
body.dark-mode .number { color: #b5cea8; }
body.dark-mode .operator { color: #d4d4d4; }
body.dark-mode .function { color: #dcdcaa; }
body.dark-mode .type { color: #4ec9b0; }
body.dark-mode .constant { color: #4fc1ff; }
body.dark-mode .variable { color: #9cdcfe; }
body.dark-mode .preprocessor { color: #c586c0; }
body.dark-mode .builtin { color: #dcdcaa; }

/* Print-friendly CSS for academic paper formatting */
@media print {
  /* Reset page margins and layout */
  @page {
    margin: 2cm;
    size: A4;
  }
  
  /* Hide interactive elements */
  .mode-toggle-container,
  .sticky-header,
  .go-to-top,
  .toc-dropdown,
  .copy-button,
  .code-header,
  .fixed-footer,
  .home-button {
    display: none !important;
  }
  
  /* Reset body styling for print */
  body {
    background: white !important;
    color: black !important;
    font-size: 12pt;
    line-height: 1.5;
    margin: 0;
    padding: 0;
  }
  
  /* Remove background animations */
  body::before,
  body::after {
    display: none !important;
  }
  
  /* Academic paper title formatting */
  .blog-title {
    font-size: 18pt;
    font-weight: bold;
    text-align: center;
    margin-bottom: 12pt;
    page-break-after: avoid;
    color: black !important;
  }
  
  .blog-subtitle {
    font-size: 12pt;
    text-align: center;
    font-style: italic;
    margin-bottom: 18pt;
    color: black !important;
  }
  
  .blog-meta {
    text-align: center;
    font-size: 10pt;
    margin-bottom: 24pt;
    color: black !important;
  }
  
  /* Content formatting */
  .blog-content {
    font-size: 11pt;
    line-height: 1.6;
    text-align: justify;
    color: black !important;
  }
  
  .blog-content h2,
  .blog-content h3,
  .blog-content h4 {
    font-size: 14pt;
    font-weight: bold;
    margin-top: 18pt;
    margin-bottom: 6pt;
    page-break-after: avoid;
    color: black !important;
  }
  
  .blog-content h4 {
    font-size: 12pt;
  }
  
  .blog-content p {
    margin-bottom: 6pt;
    text-indent: 0;
    orphans: 3;
    widows: 3;
  }
  
  /* Lists formatting */
  .blog-content ul,
  .blog-content ol {
    margin-bottom: 12pt;
    page-break-inside: avoid;
  }
  
  .blog-content li {
    margin-bottom: 3pt;
  }
  
  /* Code blocks for print */
  pre {
    background: #f8f8f8 !important;
    border: 1px solid #ccc !important;
    padding: 8pt !important;
    font-size: 9pt;
    line-height: 1.3;
    page-break-inside: avoid;
    margin: 12pt 0;
  }
  
  pre code {
    padding: 0 !important;
    color: black !important;
    background: none !important;
  }
  
  code {
    background: #f0f0f0 !important;
    padding: 1pt 2pt !important;
    font-size: 9pt;
    color: black !important;
    border: none !important;
  }
  
  /* Images for print */
  .blog-image {
    max-width: 100%;
    height: auto;
    page-break-inside: avoid;
    margin: 12pt auto;
    border: 1px solid #ccc;
  }
  
  .blog-figure {
    page-break-inside: avoid;
    margin: 12pt 0;
  }
  
  .blog-figure figcaption {
    font-size: 10pt;
    font-style: italic;
    text-align: center;
    margin-top: 6pt;
    color: black !important;
  }
  
  /* Citations formatting */
  .citation {
    color: black !important;
    font-weight: normal;
  }
  
  /* References section */
  #references-section {
    page-break-before: auto;
    margin-top: 24pt;
  }
  
  #references-section h3 {
    font-size: 14pt;
    font-weight: bold;
    margin-bottom: 12pt;
    color: black !important;
  }
  
  #references-list {
    font-size: 10pt;
    line-height: 1.4;
  }
  
  #references-list li {
    margin-bottom: 6pt;
    color: black !important;
    page-break-inside: avoid;
  }
  
  /* Footer for print */
  .footer {
    margin-top: 24pt;
    padding-top: 12pt;
    border-top: 1px solid #ccc;
    font-size: 9pt;
    text-align: center;
    color: black !important;
  }
  
  /* Page breaks */
  .blog-header {
    page-break-after: avoid;
  }
  
  /* Ensure proper spacing */
  .blog-container {
    max-width: none;
    margin: 0;
    padding: 0;
  }
  
  /* Remove line numbers for print */
  .line-numbers {
    display: none !important;
  }
  
  /* Adjust code padding without line numbers */
  @media print {
    pre code {
      padding: 8pt !important;
    }
  }
}

/* Mobile and Tablet Responsive Design */

/* Tablet styles (481px - 768px) */
@media (max-width: 768px) {
  body {
    margin: 10px;
  }
  
  .blog-container {
    padding: 15px;
  }
  
  .blog-title {
    font-size: 2.5rem;
  }
  
  .blog-subtitle {
    font-size: 1rem;
  }
  
  .sticky-header {
    padding: 10px 15px;
  }
  
  .sticky-header-content {
    justify-content: center;
  }
  
  .sticky-header-title {
    display: none;
  }
  
  .toc-dropdown {
    width: 100%;
    display: flex;
    justify-content: center;
  }
  
  .toc-button {
    font-size: 0.85rem;
    padding: 6px 14px;
  }
  
  .toc-menu {
    min-width: 220px;
    max-width: 300px;
    left: 50%;
    right: auto;
    transform: translateX(-50%);
  }
  
  .toc-menu.open {
    transform: translateX(-50%) translateY(0);
  }
  
  .go-to-top, .home-button {
    width: 45px;
    height: 45px;
    right: 20px;
  }
  
  .go-to-top {
    bottom: 80px;
  }
  
  .home-button {
    bottom: 25px;
  }
}

/* Mobile styles (max-width: 480px) */
@media (max-width: 480px) {
  body {
    margin: 5px;
    font-size: 16px; /* Prevent zoom on iOS */
  }
  
  .blog-container {
    padding: 10px;
  }
  
  .blog-title {
    font-size: 2rem;
    line-height: 1.1;
  }
  
  .blog-subtitle {
    font-size: 0.9rem;
    margin-bottom: 0.8rem;
  }
  
  .blog-content {
    font-size: 1rem;
  }
  
  .blog-content h2,
  .blog-content h3,
  .blog-content h4 {
    font-size: 1.3rem;
    margin-top: 1.5rem;
  }
  
  /* Blog meta mobile layout */
  .blog-meta {
    flex-direction: column;
    align-items: flex-start;
    gap: 0.5rem;
  }
  
  .blog-meta .author-info {
    text-align: left;
    margin-left: 0;
  }
  
  /* Mode toggle positioning */
  .mode-toggle-container {
    top: 5px;
    right: 10px;
  }
  
  .toggle-switch {
    width: 50px;
    height: 25px;
  }
  
  .slider::after {
    height: 18px;
    width: 18px;
    left: 2px;
    top: 2px;
    font-size: 10px;
  }
  
  input:checked + .slider::after {
    transform: translateX(23px) rotate(360deg);
  }
  
  /* Sticky header mobile */
  .sticky-header {
    padding: 8px 10px;
  }
  
  .sticky-header-content {
    justify-content: center;
  }
  
  .sticky-header-title {
    display: none;
  }
  
  .toc-dropdown {
    width: 100%;
    display: flex;
    justify-content: center;
  }
  
  .toc-button {
    font-size: 0.8rem;
    padding: 6px 12px;
  }
  
  .toc-menu {
    min-width: 200px;
    max-width: 280px;
    left: 50%;
    right: auto;
    transform: translateX(-50%);
  }
  
  .toc-menu.open {
    transform: translateX(-50%) translateY(0);
  }
  
  .toc-menu-item {
    padding: 8px 16px;
    font-size: 0.85rem;
  }
  
  /* Floating buttons mobile */
  .go-to-top, .home-button {
    width: 40px;
    height: 40px;
    right: 15px;
    font-size: 16px;
    display: none;
  }
  
  .go-to-top {
    bottom: 70px;
  }
  
  .home-button {
    bottom: 20px;
  }
  
  /* Code blocks mobile */
  .code-block {
    margin: 1rem -10px;
  }
  
  .code-header {
    padding: 6px 12px;
    font-size: 0.7rem;
  }
  
  pre {
    border-radius: 0;
    margin: 0;
  }
  
  pre code {
    font-size: 0.8rem;
    padding: 12px;
    padding-left: 40px;
  }
  
  .line-numbers {
    width: 30px;
    padding-right: 8px;
    font-size: 0.8rem;
  }
  
  .copy-button {
    font-size: 0.7rem;
    padding: 4px 8px;
  }
  
  /* Images mobile */
  .blog-image {
    margin: 1rem -10px;
    border-radius: 0;
  }
  
  .blog-figure figcaption {
    padding: 0 10px;
    font-size: 0.85rem;
  }
  
  /* Footer mobile */
  .footer {
    font-size: 0.8rem;
    margin-top: 2rem;
  }
  
  /* Scroll progress mobile */
  .scroll-progress {
    height: 2px;
  }
}

/* Articles page mobile specific */
@media (max-width: 768px) {
  .article-item {
    flex-direction: column;
    align-items: flex-start;
    gap: 0.5rem;
    padding: 1rem 0;
  }
  
  .article-date {
    min-width: auto;
    font-size: 0.8rem;
    order: 2;
  }
  
  .article-title {
    text-align: left;
    order: 1;
  }
  
  .article-title a {
    font-size: 1rem;
  }
}

@media (max-width: 480px) {
  .article-item {
    padding: 0.8rem 0;
  }
  
  .article-date {
    font-size: 0.75rem;
  }
  
  .article-title a {
    font-size: 0.95rem;
    line-height: 1.3;
  }
}

/* Legacy responsive tweaks */
@media (max-width: 600px) {
  .meta-row {
    flex-direction: column;
    text-align: center;
  }

  .subtitle, .author-date {
    flex: 1 1 100%;
    text-align: center;
    margin-bottom: 0.5rem;
  }

  .author-date {
    margin-bottom: 1rem;
  }
}